Physiological Effects of Pressure on Man and Cetaceans

Physiological Effects of Pressure on Man and Cetaceans Air and water are continually applying pressure on each item or creature on Earth. Weight is the power or weight applied on an article for every unit zone so as to move it (Anderson, 2011). It is estimated in bar or air (ata as a truncation) and changes relying upon the spot on Earth influencing creatures in various manners.  â Regardless of that every one of the three gatherings inside this examination have a place with the class Mammalia, they all advanced in various ways adjusting them to their condition. Being cetaceans the gathering who is completely oceanic including whales, dolphins and porpoises (The Editors of Encyclopã ¦dia Britannica and G. Mead, 2014). Pinnipeds are the gathering of blade footed well evolved creatures who invest the greater part of their energy in the water, in any case, coming to shore to rest or mate and it incorporates seals, ocean lions and walrus (NOAA, 2014). In this way, it is intended to dissect and think about the impacts of weight in people, cetaceans and pinnipeds just as looking at potential adaptions of every one. Adrift level, in spite of being vague any item or being is dependent upon the weight applied by the air characterized as one bar/ata. While going submerged to the weight applied by the water the weight of air adrift level must be included. At the point when the elevation drops each 10 meters beneath ocean level the weight increments by 1 bar/ata in addition to the one at the surface (PADI, 1996). Bringing about 2 bar/ata thus the weight submerged can change as showed in figure 1. Figure 1. The connection among Depth and Pressure. (PADI, 1996) Be that as it may, if the plunge is made in a submarine to a profundity of 120m/396 feet the group inside will at present be dependent upon 1 bar of the weight of the air and the submarine would be the one exposed to the weight of 24bar/ata from the water and air consolidated (Martin, 1997). Gas Exchanges All well evolved creatures have a bidirectional respiratory framework that isnt arranged for living for all time submerged as are fish. In a respiratory framework like this, gas trades happen by utilizing similar aviation routes. They begin to breathe in oxygen (O2) at the surface before plunging and sooner or later, all must come back to discharge carbon dioxide (CO2) and breathe in once more (Martin, 1997). The trade itself happens in the alveoli inside the lungs, being the O2 shipped to various pieces of the body by the circulatory framework and the CO2 removed back through the nose or mouth in people and pinnipeds and through the blowhole in cetaceans as per WhaleFacts.org and NOAA. Cetaceans and pinnipeds being all around adjusted to a marine life they can hold longer submerged between jumps contrasting with people who need scuba rigging to plunge further and for more. From the outset, could be expected that on account of cetaceans the purpose behind longer plunge time or more profound jumps is lung size. In any case, as per Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC) contrasting whale normal body and lung size to the one of a human, a whales lungs take 4% less space in their bodies than a people. In this manner, the key isnt in the lungs yet in the blood and hemoglobin concertation which in a whales is 30% higher than in a human. This causes the whale to capacity more O2 in their circulation system and muscle tissues rather than inside their lungs and along these lines stay away from profundity related complexities. Furthermore, the equivalent can be checked in some profound jumper pinnipeds (Kooyman and Ponganis, 1998).â The impacts of weight on body depressions As these three gatherings have a place the Class Mammalia they all offer three fundamental body holes which are typically loaded up with air, ears, sinuses and lungs. With air being a gas it changes volume alongside pressure changes, so when weight expands air get packed and will in general lessening in volume. On one deliver people this outcomes in feeling an unconformable press in the ear sinus and veil when utilizing scuba gear. In the event that these zones arent routinely balanced by adding air to them during a plunge can wind up in an eardrum break or a huge migraine (PADI, 1996). Then again, in cetaceans, transformative adjustments happened inside the conference instrument and sinus to be appropriate for water-borne sounds. Adjustments, for example, the combination of the center and inward ear containers permitted cetaceans to more readily decipher sounds submerged anyway without having the option to do likewise to air-borne sounds (Au, Fay, and Popper, 2000). Also, to people hearing pinnipeds ears increasingly adjusted to decipher air-borne sounds as the greater part of the correspondence between people happens above water. Despite the fact that they do hear adequately well submerged (Riedman, 1990). At last, the lungs ordinarily to every one of the three gatherings the primary standard isn't holding your breath totally while plunging. During rises as weight diminishes air volume increments and not understanding it can cause lung burst (PADI, 1996).â Among other significant profundity related outcomes are barotrauma, decompression disorder or the curves and nitrogen narcosis. Decompression Sickness (DCS) While submerged the living being aggregates nitrogen and due to not being utilized, it must be ousted which ordinarily occurs with every exhalation. On the off chance that the measure of overabundance nitrogen is too high when rising the nitrogen leaving the tissue, shapes enormous air pockets that can cause side effects from discombobulation, shivering and deadness to in serious cases obviousness and demise. It is normally called by jumpers as the twists because of the nitrogen bubbles being caught in the joint open zone and not permitting them to twist their joints without torment. With a wide scope of recognizable signs and differing from mellow to direct it is hard to analyze DCS in people. On account of cetaceans in spite of study made by Jepson et al. indicating a great deal of people with bubble injuries, it can't be expected that all cetaceans mass abandoning are identified with extreme instances of DCS when really it was unrealistic to decide the inception of those air pockets. Nitrogen Narcosis This side effect is a consequence of a direct poisonous impact of high nitrogen pressure in the body and it is like being under the impact of liquor. May influence human jumpers at various profundities however once it begins just deteriorates has the profundity increments and can be destructive as jumpers under this impact will submit risky activities while plunging (Martin, 1997). It can likewise be related with instances of DCS as it as a rule occurs before DCS. Despite being totally oceanic, semi-amphibian or earthly, every one of the three gatherings may experience the ill effects of the impacts of weight like DCS and nitrogen narcosis. Being totally earthbound people are the most influenced ones. Cetaceans are the most adjusted gathering to life submerged, in any case, it isn't protected to expect yet that this implies they are less influenced or even resistant to DCS nitrogen narcosis as the birthplace of the air pockets, that from the outset would be normal for DCS, was not controlled by Jepson et al. considers. In any case it is conceivable to state the two cetaceans and pinnipeds recover and capacity oxygen significantly more proficiently than people in this manner all the more productively keeping away from DCS (Kooyman and Ponganis, 1998). Text: Anderson, M. (2011) The Physics of Scuba Diving. Accessible at: https://www.dawsonera.com/theoretical/9781908062512 (Accessed: 19 February 2017). Au, W.W.L., Fay, R.R. also, Popper, A.N. (2000) Hearing by whales and dolphins. (12 Vols). New York, NY: Springer New York. Part 2 Martin, L. (1997) Scuba plunging clarified: Questions and replies on physiology and clinical parts of scuba jumping. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company. PADI (1996) PADI untamed water jumper manual. Santa Clause Ana, CA: Atlantic Books. Ponganis, P.J. (2015) Diving physiology of marine well evolved creatures and Seabirds. Joined Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2014) Whats the distinction among seals and ocean lions? Accessible at: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/realities/seal-sealion.html (Accessed: 24 February 2017). Riedman, M. (1990) The pinnipeds: Seals, ocean lions, and walruses. Berkeley: University of California Press. Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC) (no date) How do whales relax? Accessible at: http://uk.whales.org/blog/2012/10/how-do-whales-inhale (Accessed: 24 February 2017). WhaleFacts.org (ed.) (2017) Whale Anatomy. Accessible at: http://www.whalefacts.org/whale-life structures/(Accessed: 24 February 2017). Pictures:  â Figure 1: PADI (1996) PADI vast water jumper manual. Santa Clause Ana, CA: Atlantic Books.

Bus reservation Essay Example for Free

Transport reservation Essay The reason for this report is to clarify nitty gritty depiction of Bus Reservation System. It will clarify the point of the task, the restrictions of the framework, interfaces of the framework, what the venture will do, what sort of future works might be finished. 1. 2 Maintenance A licensed transport administrator may exhibit consistence with this necessity by: †¢ getting to manufacturer’s determinations or potentially some other reference material esteemed proper for the age, make and model of the transports in the certify transport operator’s armada †¢ creating and executing administration plans 1. 3 Objectives This venture depends on a situation. In this situation, client needs to realize transport administrations with their time and date when he chose to travel. He can do this by a call or going to organization. In the two circumstances, he will meet the worker who work at the office and get data about administrations, its flight time, takeoff date, goal time, appropriate seats and so forth. In the event that he chooses to save a ticket, at that point representative will take some faculty data from client and will save a seat that client chose. Voyaging is a huge developing business in Turkey and different nations moreover. It turns out to be hard to keep transport administrations records and client data. Our task will be helpful in the Bus Reservation System. This project’s point is to fulfill an office to save seats, scratch-off of seats and various kinds of enquiry like seat status, administration enquiry and administration time. 1. 4 Limitations This venture has a few restrictions. Right off the bat, administrations are just between Laoag-Manila and Manila-Laoag. Furthermore, every day there are three administrations for every bearing at 9. 00 am, 1. 00 pm and 8. 00 pm. Thirdly, ticket can be saved by a representative who works at the office. To be specific; client can't save a ticket. At long last, man and lady can't situate one next to the other on the off chance that they don't have any acquaintance with one another. 1. 5 Problem Customers need to go to the counter to purchase transport ticket or request transport plan. Clients need to pay money when they purchase transport tickets and in some cases needs to line awake for hours to get transport tickets. Other than that, clients are additionally not permitted to purchase transport tickets through phone in light of the fact that the transport companys phone line is consistently occupied. II. Flowchart III. Screen captures This shows the title of our framework which is the Reservation System. As should be obvious we put the name of the developer. At that point press any key to proceed with the program. This information shows to fix the initial not many blunders or admonitions, since they might be causing all the rest. A compiler cautioning shows youve accomplished something terrible, yet not something that will keep the code from being aggregated. You should fix whatever causes admonitions since they regularly lead to different issues that won't be so natural to discover. Compiler messages generally list the document and line number where an issue happens. In any case, mistakes regularly happen on the lines preceding what the blunder message records. Particularly check the line quickly going before where the blunder message shows. At long last, note that a few compilers may decide to call something a blunder while others may simply consider it an admonition or not gripe by any means. As should be obvious we have no admonitions and mistakes. After the welcome structure then framework opens the login structure. Here client needs to enter legitimate client id and secret phrase. There are appeared as underneath.. This shows the fundamental menu where you can pick your booking. This shows the various decisions of transport, we have special, cooled transport and conventional transport. You can likewise pick the time you need.

New Beginnings

New Beginnings It was a hot, humid Friday afternoon when I touched down in Logan after a 20-hour flight, badly jetlagged and starving (plane food is not the best). Things have been looking up since then, and being meticulously organised (both my dorm room and my room back home would probably crumble in laughter if they could read this), I have tried to condense everything note-worthy into four major points: 1. Goodbyes are hard! I had never left Kenya before coming to the States. I went to both primary school (elementary/middle school) and high school in Nairobi and was within a half hour’s reach of my parents at any given time. Now I had to fly to the other side of the world in pursuit of education. This was the most drastic decision I’ve made, ever. Saying goodbye to my cat and having to explain to her that she would still be well fed and protected in my absence was hard, but the true impact of leaving hit while I was saying goodbye to my family at the airport. As expected, there was a show of waterworks, and a series of repetitive goodbyes, but eventually I managed to break away and get on the plane. If there’s anything I learnt from all this, it’s that goodbyes are hard- period. My (slightly depressed) cat 2. The subway is awesome, boba tea on the other hand… Since I came to the States, I’ve been on the subway twice during my Freshman Pre- Orientation Program (Discover Ocean Engineering). I come from a place where public transportation is rather slow and unreliable so the subway is a wonderful concept to experience. Also, walking back from dinner at Harvard Square (still during said FPOP) and feeling the vibration of the trains beneath my feet brought about a wonderful childish form of excitement that I hadn’t had in a long time. However, boba tea (or any other form of cold tea for that matter) is an absolute no for me, perhaps because I’m accustomed to my usual cup of steaming hot Kenyan tea. My academic advisor had his assistants take us out for (free) bobas, and sadly I couldn’t make it through more than two sips of mine. 3. My FPOP was AMAZING Ocean Engineering sounds like an awfully random FPOP to choose, and my thought process while choosing it also wasn’t really brainy (it’s summer, I want to be outside doing fun stuff, I love the beach, I hope we play beach volleyball at some point). The beach volleyball part didn’t happen, but what did happen was: I got to visit the New England Aquarium. I totally recommend doing this whenever you are within reach of Boston. I find sea creatures fascinating and the way they present them at the aquarium doesn’t just give you the biological aspect of it (i.e. scientific names) but also their role in the ecosystem. The wholesome approach while describing various life-forms in the ocean rightly gives the aspect of an entirely new world underwater. If not for the vast wealth of knowledge offered at the aquarium, then visit for the aesthetics- the dimly lit interior, completely devoid of natural light gives a unique ambience to the whole experience and draws your complete focus to the exotic creatures on display. *THREE* Boat Cruises in one week! One of the (many) perks of being an international student is that during this year’s orientation, we went on an amazing boat cruise down the Charles River. Also, part of my FPOP was a Duck Tour which is basically a tour of Boston on a bus which later turns into a boat and cruises down the Charles, then turns back into a bus (I promise I’m not making this up). We had an extremely witty tour guide on the Duck Tour which made it all the more fun! We passed the John Harvard Statue at some point in our tour, this being the origin of Harvard’s name, and our guide proceeded to explain why the statue is commonly referred to as the “Statue of Three Lies” (my apologies to the Harvardites): On the statue, it’s inscribed that John Harvard founded the school in 1638. Wrong! It was founded two years earlier, in 1636. Harvard was not founded by John Harvard. He just donated a ton of money to the school which at the time had no name, so they decided to name it after him. The statue is not of John Harvard- no one even knows what he looked like, since there was no surviving documentation of him! A man called Sherman Hoar actually sat as a model for John Harvard’s head. Ironically, Harvard students rub John Harvard’s feet for good luck before they sit for tests. On the second-last day of my FPOP, we sailed to Spectacle Island and had an absolutely idyllic day where we explored the island, played a (frustrating) game of Mao (a type of cards game which has no rules but rather the players come up with secret rules as the game continues and you have to figure them out) and generally just bonded among ourselves. Views from the boat Views from Spectacle Island We built a sea perch! On the first day of my FPOP, we were placed into groups of three, given a manual on how to build sea perches â€"which are basically underwater robots- then left to our own devices (literally). It sounds a lot harder than it actually is, and we managed to make a functional one in two days! Cheers to this brilliant team! The exact moment when we tested our sea perch and it worked. We baptised her The Titanic. Free Food! There was a ton of food involved in this FPOP and we got to eat at Legal Sea Foods, The Cheesecake Factory and Faneuil Hall Marketplace. Sometimes we even got to individually   choose where we wanted to eat. On one of these expeditions, I got my first taste of pad thai, and afterwards we got ice creams from J.P. Licks. Just saying, FPOPs take nutrition very seriously. Fantastic Friends!!!!!!!! An FPOP provides a great environment to meet fellow freshmen and make some of your first friends. It’s also a good forum to interact with upperclassmen and get to learn how to MIT. The mentors in my FPOP basically helped me figure out which classes to take in my fall semester and how to get around issues I was having with scheduling my classes, hence making life a lot easier for my academic advisor. 4. No, it’s not a bed of roses… During international students’ orientation, we had a talk from a professor who drew us a graph of happiness over time for an MIT freshman: The graph went something like this: At this point, it’s safe to say that I’m at the honeymoon phase. I’m still planning my classes, so the firehosing that MIT is well known for hasn’t started yet. I have had several challenges settling in, the major one being learning how to pronounce things the American way so as to get people to understand what I’m saying (burger is said as brr-ger???!!!!) Also, not having any idea of what is being talked about in so many conversations has made me more of a listener than a talker nowadays, and having to ask “What’s a cannoli?” in a fast-paced conversation is a lot harder than it seems. Accents are a real thing, and it’s a humbling experience to find that people are willing to stretch their patience and take time to understand you rather than give up and leave you to find your way alone. I expect a lot of the international students are going through varied manifestations of culture shock in one way or another, but the friendliness and warm helpfulness that is prevale nt in the MIT community makes this transition so much easier. All in all, it’s only been about 3.14 seconds since I got here, but MIT is starting to feel like home already.

Industrial Revolution Was A Major - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1063 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in the history of our world and its transformation greatly influenced society as we know it today. The great uprising of machinery brought about not only efficiency but delivered lower prices and decreased labor costs. Competition in world economies and human need sparked a revolution that would bring about great change for the goods and services. New inventions and innovations such as the patent system and the Feminism movement would change the world forever. Products could be made faster and for cheaper prices allowing all social classes to benefit. The Industrial Revolution was just that a revolution and uprising that would change the world and bring about positivity for all. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial Revolution Was A Major" essay for you Create order The development of widespread mechanical industry across the world was known as the Industrial Revolution. The revolution greatly changed not only the way people lived but how businesses operated on a day to day basis. The replacement of craft methods with mechanized methods of production would cause the growth of markets (qtd. Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution). The industrialization put private business owners in the forefront for profit instead of the state. The modern cities of today would not have been created had it not been for the Industrial Revolution and the valuable services it brought . Efficiency in production lowered prices on goods because labor costs decreased. The first Industrial Revolution was believed to have begun in Great Britain during the early 1800s when agricultural communities became more sophisticated and goods were produced at faster rates. Later, during the 1820s, the second Industrial Revolution spread throughout America. The increase in productivity was a major turning point for American history. The increase in speed greatly impacted the way all societies would not only function but produce and provide for its people for years to come. Wealth and speed are what the world admires, and are what all are bent on (qtd. Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution). The Industrial Revolution brought both and with both, great change for the world. One major cause of the Industrial Revolution was the competition that took place between the countries to be considered a superpower. Britain needed desperately to keep up with its enemies therefore laborsaving devices had to be created. Britain also became more open minded about scientific inventions and the much needed help they could bring. Galileo and Newtons scientific inventions were favored and acknowledged as part of new ways to make Britain more efficient. New farming methods were developed. Farmers learned to rotate crops to help maintain soil nutrients and the invention of having closed fields came into play. Seeds were planted by devices instead of by hand therefore saving labor costs. New crops were accepted such as potato farming. Inventions allowed the population to buy products more readily and for cheaper prices. Britain was more stable during this period because of its open-mindedness to change. This improved stable standing helped them develop better policies and even a patent system as one of its new inventions. Britain began to realize that innovations in technology would be vital to their success and their future. One such invention was the steam engine of James Watt in the late 1700s. There were many pros and cons of the Industrial Revolution. Goods were produced at a faster pace and were cheaper to buy. The more products produced the more accessible they were to buy to the public. Labor saving inventions such as the telegraph and the railroad made for carrying useful information and goods more efficiently. Another pro, of the Industrial Revolution, were great advances in medicine. New medical instruments were developed as well as the invention of the microscope. This invention allowed doctors to discover cures and treatments for diseases and illnesses. Although there were many good things to come from the revolution, many bad things developed at the same time. Cities became overcrowded and housing became scarce. Pollution, from factories, became a big problem for people and the environment. Carbon dioxide, as a product, increased global warming. Factory workers were forced to endure poor working conditions and excruciating long hours of hard labor. Worker safety took a backseat along with worker health. The average work day was 14-16 hour days. The average work week was six days. Many bad habits developed because of work habits. Obesity, heart disease, and cancer began to rise in society. Great innovations, during the Industrial Revolution, also brought about what is known today as the middle class society. Goods became more readily available to society. A more efficient production line made goods cheaper to buy. These lower costs made it possible for people to buy what they needed and have money left over in the end. This extra money could be spent on other things that may have not been a necessity but something simply wanted. Clerks, retail managers, and most anyone with a decent job was considered to be in the middle class. People would no longer be labeled peasant or noble. This new class was allowed to vote and hold office in parliament. The middle class population grew very quickly and became very wealthy. It eventually became just as powerful as the noble class. Along with the rise of the middle class came the role of women in the workplace. Women joined the workforce to help support their household incomes. Women faced poor treatment and great discrimination in the workplace . One example of discrimination was inequality in pay between men and women. Women were infuriated and felt that their work should be compensated just as mans work. Historian Karl Marx stated that women were known to be little slaveys a free gift to capital ( Foster, Clark. ,monthly review.org) From this injustice the innovation known as the Feminist Movement began. With any great change with society and how it functions, negativity and cons follow. There are pros and cons to every change in life. When examining the Industrial Revolution, it is plain to see that the pros heavily outweighed the cons. The world needed change in order to provide for its people. It needed change in how products were produced and the speed at which they were produced. Goods should be available to all at competitive prices. Perhaps one of the most important things to come from the Industrial Revolution was the rise of the Middle Class and its role in society as a whole.

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2244 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/20 Category History Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Egypt Essay Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? People being indiscriminate based on partial and inexact information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research consequences from researches conducted from reliable sources. The real association between Egyptians’ stereotypes and propagand a discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common. It seems essential for this paper to start with some clarification of the circumstances related with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for stereotypes. Propaganda is recognized to be the planned manipulation of public opinion through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their view. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that it’s easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raiser s, terrorists and uncultured ethnic group. These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to contrive the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The preceding are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man travelling to every country, with the technique of ‘misinformation’ through movies, shows, and news reports. Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources. Among those studies, the one conducted by the A merican university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper known all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the following: According to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys nationwide demonstrate convincingly that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school†¦ These may be options for those who have already left school, but they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave† (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation. After all, there is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhD’s from. Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotype s work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked: how did it come about so successfully for the public of North America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specific ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions. Of course with stereotypes powered by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie â€Å"The Mummy† which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated: â€Å"The Mummy is a lot of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-things). Who cares? The special effects are truly spectacular. † (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999). Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website ‘Egypt WWW Index’ has a list of all universities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many links to political and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society. More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians. People being indiscriminate based on partial and inexact information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the d escription, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed: first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research consequences from researches conducted from reliable sources. The real association between Egyptians’ stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common. It seems essential for this paper to start with some clarification of the circumstances related with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for stereotypes. Propaganda is re cognized to be the planned manipulation of public opinion through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their iew. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that it’s easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and uncultured ethnic group. These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to contrive the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The preceding are all st ereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man travelling to every country, with the technique of ‘misinformation’ through movies, shows, and news reports. Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources. Among those studies, the one conducted by the American university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper known all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the following: According to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys nationwide demonstrate con vincingly that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school†¦ These may be options for those who have already left school, but they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave† (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation. After all, there is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhD’s from. Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotypes work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked: how did it come about so successfully for the public of North America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specific ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions. Of course with stereotypes powered by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie â€Å"The Mummy† which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated: â€Å"The Mummy is a lot of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-things). Who cares? The special effects are truly spectacular. † (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999). Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website ‘Egypt WWW Index’ has a list of all univ ersities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many links to political and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society. More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians. Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be uninformed owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a person of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls â€Å"Please Call Me Rom†. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani said: â€Å"I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians† (Rifati). Remarkable huh! Here is an example of a erson that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, yet uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting than that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is simply bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. â€Å" African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held stereotypes about academic aptitude perform more disappointingly on a cognitive task when that task is described as a measure of capability than when the same task is described as a problem-solving duty. (Carol Hyman 2003). Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize s uch unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes. Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be uninformed owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a person of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls â€Å"Please Call Me Rom†. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani said: â€Å"I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians† (Rifati). Remarkable huh! Here is an example of a person that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, yet uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting than that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is simply bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. â€Å" African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held st ereotypes about academic aptitude perform more disappointingly on a cognitive task when that task is described as a measure of capability than hen the same task is described as a problem-solving duty. † (Carol Hyman 2003). Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize such unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes" essay for you Create order

American Films and Ripped Jeans Skin Free Essays

string(6239) " when You name the day And I will pick the city We’ll fly away Till then, call me when you miss me If you’re asking if I’d really like to see you again I say oh†¦ just say when Two different worlds I thought they’d keep us apart I’m ignoring my head Follow my heart Oh you pick the day And I will pick the city We’ll fly away Till then, call me when you miss me I am willing to wait Cause I just gotta see you again Don’t ask no†¦ just say when Just say when†¦ I could take a picture Of you and me together No one would believe me No one would believe me TALK TO ME Every morning As I go walking by I feel you looking That’s why I take my time Oh oh yeah Bows and flows of angel hair And ice-cream castles in the air Feather cannons everywhere I’ve looked at clouds that way JUST A STEP AWAY Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me Walk with me baby When he’s singing his song Well all the young girls sigh And we’ll be wearing those things That make a grown man cry Oh oh yeah yeah I’VE BEEN YOURS FROM THE START I can see what ‘cha wanna do to me You can feel it something’s gonna break Well I’m in if you’re in Let’s make a big mistake Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me Walk with me baby Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Summer nights, summer days I’ll be your summer heart Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start†¦ When it’s love like that And you look like that Talk to me, why won’t ‘cha talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t ‘cha talk to me Walk with me baby Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Summer nights, summer days I’ll be your summer heart Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me talk to me Why won’t ‘cha talk to me In the space between the words In the silence of your eyes In the hands that know the touch It’s the way I feel inside Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away It’s the beating of your heart It’s the tear I have to hide It’s the sound of your guitar It’s the way I feel inside Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you If you need a shoulder Or someone to hold you I’ll keep my arms open wide I’ll be the one who loves you I’ll be right there by your side Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you I’ll never let you down \(I’ll never let you down\) And I’ll never go away \(And I’ll never go away\) And if your ever feeling down \(And if your ever feeling down\) I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if you’re ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away In the space between the words In the silence of your eyes In the hands that know the touch It’s the way I feel inside IN THE SPACE BETWEEN THE WORDS I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away Now they only block the sun They rain and snow on everyone So many things I would have done But clouds got in my way I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now TEARS AND FEARS AND FEELING PROUD TO SAY I LOVE YOU RIGHT OUT LOUD DREAMS AND SCHEMES AND CIRCUS CROWDS I can see what ‘cha wanna do to me You can feel it something’s gonna break Well I’m in if you’re in Let’s make a big mistake BOTH SIDES NOW I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now From up and down and still somehow It’s clouds illusions I recall I really don’t know clouds at all Moons and Junes and ferris wheels The dizzy, dancing way you feel When every fairy tale comes real I’ve looked at love that way But now it’s just another show You leave ’em laughing when you go And if you care don’t let them know Don’t give yourself away I’ve looked at love from both sides now From give and take and still somehow It’s loves illusions I recall I really don’t know love at all Tears and fears and feeling proud To say I love you right out loud Dreams and schemes and circus crowds I’ve looked at life that way But now old friends are acting strange They shake their heads They say I’ve changed Well somethings lost and somethings gained in living every day I’ve looked at life from both sides now I’ve looked at life from both sides now From win and loose and still somehow It’s lifes illusions I recall I really don’t know life I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now From up and down and still somehow It’s clouds illusions I recall I really don’t know clouds at all I really don’t know life at all THANK YOU: To YOU†¦ Thanks for listening and making all of this possible\." CARLY RAE JEPSEN CURIOSITY EP p c 2012 604 RECORDS INC. #101 – 1001 WEST BROADWAY, UNIT 362, VANCOUVER, BC V6H 4E4. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. We will write a custom essay sample on American Films and Ripped Jeans Skin or any similar topic only for you Order Now MANUFACTURED AND DISTRIBUTED BY UNIVERSAL MUSIC CANADA. , 2450 VICTORIA PARK AVE. , SUITE #1, TORONTO, ONTARIO M2J 5H3. UNAUTHORIZED REPRODUCTION, COPYING AND RENTAL OF THIS RECORDING IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. I threw a wish in the well Don’t ask me I’ll never tell I looked at you as it fell And now you’re in my way I trade my soul for a wish Pennies and dimes for a kiss I wasn’t looking for this But now you’re in my way Your stare was holding Ripped jeans Skin was showing Hot night Wind was blowing Where you think you’re going baby? Hey I just met you And this is crazy But here’s my number So call me maybe It’s hard to look right at you baby But here’s my number So call me maybe Hey I just met you And this is crazy But here’s my number So call me maybe And all the other boys Try to chase me But here’s my number So call me maybe You took your time with the call I took no time with the fall You gave me nothing at all But still you’re in my way I beg and borrow and steal At first sight and it’s real I didn’t know I would feel it But it’s in my way Your stare was holding Ripped jeans Skin was showing Hot night Wind was blowing Where you think you’re going baby? Break a bone Got me on my knees You break my heart Just to watch it bleed Hey I just met you And this is crazy But here’s my number So call me maybe It’s hard to look right at you baby But here’s my number So call me maybe I’m sick with love Sick like a disease Don’t call me up Just so I can please you Hey I just met you And this is crazy But here’s my number So call me maybe And all the other boys Try to chase me But here’s my number So call me maybe Before you came into my life I missed you so bad I missed you so bad I missed you so so bad Before you came into my life I missed you so bad And you should know that So call me maybe So don’t break me tonight This is crazy love And you know I’m gunna follow you home Through the rain Cause I need your love And you know I’m gunna follow you home I can’t stand the way you’re smiling I can’t stand the way I’m lying Before you came into my life I missed you so bad I missed you so bad I missed you so so bad Before you came into my life I missed you so bad And you should know that I missed you so so bad, bad, bad, bad†¦. It’s hard to look right at you baby But here’s my number So call me maybe Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Oh oh oh oh oh oh Will never let me go Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Curiosity CURIOSITY I know, I know, I know you got the key And you know, you know, you know that it’s for me It’s not up to you, you know it’s up to me but Curiosity will never let me go Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Oh oh oh oh oh oh Will never let me go Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Oh oh oh oh oh oh Look at me Left here in the corner Stupid girl I really tried to warn her Walked the streets all night Until you came around Knew that you would come Before you ever even made a sound I know, I know, I know you got the key And you know, you know, you know that it’s for me It’s not up to you, you know it’s up to me but Curiosity will never let me go PICTURE Cause I need your love and you know I’m going to follow you†¦ I know, I know, I know you got the key You know, you know, you know that it’s for me Well I think that we should try it out to see yeah Curiosity So don’t break me tonight This is crazy love And you know I’m gunna follow you home Through the rain Cause I need your love Yes I need your love So don’t break (don’t break) me tonight (me tonight) This is crazy love And you know I’m gunna follow you home Through the rain Cause I need your love Yes I need your love Will never let me go Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Oh oh oh oh oh oh Will never let me go Oh oh oh oh oh oh Uh oh Curiosity will never let me go I could take a picture Of you and me together No one would believe me No one would believe me TWO DIFFERENT WORLDS I THOUGHT THEY’D KEEP US APART I’M IGNORING MY HEAD FOLLOW MY HEART CALL ME MAYBE Say it in a whisper That baby it don’t get much better Would I like to see you again? You name the day And I will pick the city We’ll fly away Till then, call me when you miss me If you’re asking if I’d really like to see you again I say oh†¦ just say when Tell me that you feel it This you and me together No one would believe me Even I cannot believe it You kiss me like you mean it Oh baby, it don’t get much better Would I like to see you again? Darling just say when You name the day And I will pick the city We’ll fly away Till then, call me when you miss me If you’re asking if I’d really like to see you again I say oh†¦ just say when Two different worlds I thought they’d keep us apart I’m ignoring my head Follow my heart Oh you pick the day And I will pick the city We’ll fly away Till then, call me when you miss me I am willing to wait Cause I just gotta see you again Don’t ask no†¦ just say when Just say when†¦ I could take a picture Of you and me together No one would believe me No one would believe me TALK TO ME Every morning As I go walking by I feel you looking That’s why I take my time Oh oh yeah Bows and flows of angel hair And ice-cream castles in the air Feather cannons everywhere I’ve looked at clouds that way JUST A STEP AWAY Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me Walk with me baby When he’s singing his song Well all the young girls sigh And we’ll be wearing those things That make a grown man cry Oh oh yeah yeah I’VE BEEN YOURS FROM THE START I can see what ‘cha wanna do to me You can feel it something’s gonna break Well I’m in if you’re in Let’s make a big mistake Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me Walk with me baby Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Summer nights, summer days I’ll be your summer heart Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start†¦ When it’s love like that And you look like that Talk to me, why won’t ‘cha talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t ‘cha talk to me Walk with me baby Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Summer nights, summer days I’ll be your summer heart Come on take me away I’ve been yours from the start Talk to me, why won’t you talk to me Can’t you see I’m burning up When you look like that And I’m looking right back Why don’t you talk to me talk to me Why won’t ‘cha talk to me In the space between the words In the silence of your eyes In the hands that know the touch It’s the way I feel inside Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away It’s the beating of your heart It’s the tear I have to hide It’s the sound of your guitar It’s the way I feel inside Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you If you need a shoulder Or someone to hold you I’ll keep my arms open wide I’ll be the one who loves you I’ll be right there by your side Here we are Dancing cross this floor together With every step I take I seem to want you more than ever You made me love you Look into my eyes I want to tell you I’ll never let you down (I’ll never let you down) And I’ll never go away (And I’ll never go away) And if your ever feeling down (And if your ever feeling down) I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if you’re ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away In the space between the words In the silence of your eyes In the hands that know the touch It’s the way I feel inside IN THE SPACE BETWEEN THE WORDS I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step away I’ll never let you down And I’ll never go away And if your ever feeling down I’m just a step, just a step, just a step away Now they only block the sun They rain and snow on everyone So many things I would have done But clouds got in my way I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now TEARS AND FEARS AND FEELING PROUD TO SAY I LOVE YOU RIGHT OUT LOUD DREAMS AND SCHEMES AND CIRCUS CROWDS I can see what ‘cha wanna do to me You can feel it something’s gonna break Well I’m in if you’re in Let’s make a big mistake BOTH SIDES NOW I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now From up and down and still somehow It’s clouds illusions I recall I really don’t know clouds at all Moons and Junes and ferris wheels The dizzy, dancing way you feel When every fairy tale comes real I’ve looked at love that way But now it’s just another show You leave ’em laughing when you go And if you care don’t let them know Don’t give yourself away I’ve looked at love from both sides now From give and take and still somehow It’s loves illusions I recall I really don’t know love at all Tears and fears and feeling proud To say I love you right out loud Dreams and schemes and circus crowds I’ve looked at life that way But now old friends are acting strange They shake their heads They say I’ve changed Well somethings lost and somethings gained in living every day I’ve looked at life from both sides now I’ve looked at life from both sides now From win and loose and still somehow It’s lifes illusions I recall I really don’t know life I’ve looked at clouds from both sides now From up and down and still somehow It’s clouds illusions I recall I really don’t know clouds at all I really don’t know life at all THANK YOU: To YOU†¦ Thanks for listening and making all of this possible. 🙂 Dad, Patty, Mom, Ron, Colin, Kaela and Katie How to cite American Films and Ripped Jeans Skin, Papers

Punjabi Cuisine free essay sample

Punjabi Cuisine GROUP I| NAME ROLL NO. Anvita Argade 1 Richa Arora 2 Sumit Bansode 3 Navya Bavot 4 Sarvesh Belekar 5 Jagruti Maru 6 Index North Indian Cuisine North Indian cuisine (Hindi: , Uttar Bharatiya Vyanjan), part of Indian cuisine, is a term used to refer to the cuisines found in Northern India which includes the Indian states: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand (Kumaon) and West-Central Uttar Pradesh (Awadh and Braj). This is also major cuisine in the Eastern regions like Eastern Uttar Pradesh (Purvanchal), Bihar and Jharkhand as well as Central regions like Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. North Indian cuisine includes: * Bihari cuisine * Punjabi cuisine * Mughlai cuisine * Cuisine of Kashmir * Awadhi cuisine * Kumauni cuisine * Rajasthani cuisine * Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh India has rich and varied culinary traditions, many deeply enmeshed with spiritual traditions that are thousands of years old. Other culinary styles arrived throughout Indias long history with those who wandered into the land from afar and settled here and there, as well as with those who invaded its territories, subjugating native populations. Still others have been shaped by the natural forces of climate and geography. These many culinary styles can be generally divided into four regional cuisines, with north Indian flavors and style standing out distinctly from the rest. The northern part of India is said to be part of the India in which the influence of the early light-skinned Aryan invaders can still be seen, in the cuisine, culture, and language. This is the part of the world in which Sanskrit is believed to have evolved. North Indian cuisine encompasses the culinary traditions of the various northern countries, including Punjabi, Awadh, Kashmiri, Marwari, Rajasthani, Gharwal, and Pahari. Due to climate and growing conditions, wheat plays a stronger role in northern Indian cuisine than in other areas of the country. Also Tandoori cuisine comes from the north. Spices are an essential element to Indian cuisine, and they employ some of the most aromatic and beautiful spices on earth. Historically, however, in addition to adding delectable flavors and attractive aromas, the spices were chosen for their food preservation and medicinal properties. While many spices are common throughout most Indian cuisines, the methods and ratios of usage differ in each region, with some spices being much more common in some areas and other flavors being more specific. North Indian cooks tend to use their spices in freshly ground powder form. Chili peppers are common to Indian cuisine, and in the north, the Degchi Mirchi, or Kashmiri chili pepper are especially popular. Ground red chili powder is important northern Indian flavor, as is turmeric, sweet bay or laurel leaves, cumin, black and green cardamom, coriander, cassia tree bark for which cinnamon is often substituted cloves, saffron, nutmeg, black and yellow mustard seeds, fennel, asafetida, curry leaves, fenugreek, tamarind, fresh cilantro leaves, and mint. Garam masala is a spice mixture used extensively in northern Indian cuisine. This is a blend of spices, which is loosely built upon a set of common spices, but varies widely from region to region, even from family to family. In the north, a basic garam masala would consist of raw cardamom seeds, cinnamon, cloves, and black pepper. Ghee, or clarified butter, is particularly important to the flavor of northern cuisine. Flat breads of various types, including chapattis, roti, puri, different types of parantha, and tandoori baked breads like nan are a part of most north Indian meals. Showing the religious influence of the Vaishnava Hindus, the northern states Uttar Pradesh in particular have created some of the finest vegetarian cuisine in the world, built upon a wide variety of pulses, or legumes and fragrant Basmati rice. North Indian flavors have become an important part of international cuisine, spreading through the worlds metropolitan centers and into the food cultures of many countries. Beloved especially for its specialized tandoori dishes and vegetarian creations, North Indian cuisine continues to expand and flourish globally. Food in Ancient India basically reflects the cultural evolution of Indian civilisation from ancient past. Food in Ancient India can be divided into various ages that include food in prehistoric India and Indus Valley civilisation, food in Vedic period, Food in Maurya period, food in Gupta period, food in post Gupta period which marked some difference with the advent of the Gujjars and Hunas. With the migration of outsiders in India changes were found within the food Habits of India. Food in Pre -Historic India Food in Ancient India mainly depended on the fruits, nuts, tubers and flesh of the animals. As India in pre historic days was largely inhabited by the Negroid race, this race mainly depended on fruits, nuts, tubers and the flesh of animals that he hunted and killed. With the Proto- Australoids people in ancient India moved a step ahead when they now produced new food items along with fruits and nuts. This brought the list of fruits and vegetables that was now being cultivated by the Indian Proto- Australoids for their self consumption. This helped the pre historic man to move a step forward in farming and learn the science of cultivation. Food in Vedic period Food in Ancient India developed considerably within the Indus Valley Civilisation which brought the use of wheat, barley, sesamum and brassica. Along with this man had learned to tame he buffaloes, goats and sheep which became useful for cultivation. Slowly and gradually this period marked the progress of man more towards civilized world with more scientific lifestyle. Food in Vedic Period Food in Ancient India faced remarkable changes during the Vedic Period which not only introduced new food items but also rules and etiquettes while taking the meal of the day. This also introduced division of meals during the day. The food in Vedic period is largely divided into the food of the Aryans and Dravidians which later on got divided into north and south India. Their food items as well as habits have been illustrated in the sutras and Vedas of the period which are the earliest literature of ancient India. Food in Maurya Period Food in Ancient India that was adopted during the Maurya period has been extensively discussed by Kautilya. He defines the specifications of an ideal kitchen and a proper diet of the Raja in Maurya Empire which was largely followed as a convention by almost all the people living in Maurya Empire. While this also sets a number of special food items and food etiquettes, this at the same time describes the culture of ancient India. Food in Gupta period Food in Ancient India which was adopted by the Gupta Empire was mainly influenced by Buddhism and Jainism which made a lot of changes in the culture of ancient India. Thus the food of ancient India has been marked with lot of changes from time to time that reflect the culture of assimilation within Indian culture. This got boosted with the advent of foreigners from outside India. The advent of Gujjars and Hunas did introduce a number of food items which remained inherent in ancient Indian culture. Geographical and cultural influence on the region’s cuisine North India has extreme climates – summers are hot and winters are cold. There is an abundance of fresh seasonal fruit and vegetable to be had. Its geographical position with relation to the rest of the Sub-continent means that this region of the country has had strong Central Asian influences both in its culture and its food. Mughlai and Kashmiri styles of cooking are not just prevalent, they are also popular. Style of food North Indian curries usually have thick, moderately spicy and creamy gravies. The use of dried fruits and nuts is fairly common even in everyday foods. Dairy products like milk, cream, cottage cheese, ghee (clarified butter) and yoghurt play an important role in the cooking of both savory and sweet dishes. Thanks to the fact that such a rich variety of fruit and vegetable is available at all times of the year, the region produces a dazzling array of vegetarian dishes. Staple foods North Indians seem to prefer Indian breads over rice, if the rich variety is anything to go by. This region is home to the tandoori roti and naans (bread made in a clay tandoor oven), stuffed parathas (flaky Indian bread with different kinds of vegetarian and non-vegetarian fillings) and kulchas (bread made from fermented dough). Rice is also popular and made into elaborate biryanis and pulaos (pilafs). Cooking oils commonly used Vegetable oils like sunflower and canola. Mustard oil is rarely used and only in some states of the region. Ghee is normally reserved for special occasion cooking. Important spices and ingredients Coriander, Cumin, Dry red chillies, turmeric, Chilli powder, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Cloves, Garam Masala, Aniseed/Fennel, etc. Popular dishes Mutter Paneer (a curry made with cottage cheese and peas), Biryani, Pulaos, Daal Makhani, Dahi Gosht, Butter Chicken, Chicken Tikka, Fish Amritsari, Samosas (snack with a pastry case with different kinds of fillings), Chaat (hot-sweet-sour snack made with potato, chick peas and tangy chutneys), Motichoor laddoo. MUGHAL INFLUENCE ON NORTH INDIAN CUISINE The cuisine of India is as vast as its people. Each and every ethnic group has its own distinctive food preferences along with their different culture. India has witnessed several invasions from Arab, Central Asia, the Mughal Empire and Persia in its early days. These invasions had a great influence on Indian cooking. The Muslims from western Asia brought the Mughlai cuisines to India in the 12th century when Mughal rulers conquered a large portion of India. During the Mughal dynasty, these dishes were prepared for the Mughal Emperors for elegant dining with dry fruits and nuts. The hospitality of sharing of food with others in Mughal courtly society helped India to absorb it as its own while making Indian cuisine to stand apart with pride. The Mughals brought their rich, aromatic food culture in India and is now an important part of the Indian culinary culture. Quite ideally therefore, apart from giving the greatest architectural monuments, the Mughals have also changed the country`s cooking by merging Middle Eastern cuisine with Indian spices and ingredients to give the most beautiful Mughlai cuisine. The Mughal influence on Indian food is immense. Mughlai cuisine is one of the most richest, popular and lavish cuisines in the country. These are pretty spicy and have unique fragrance. The cooking method includes lots of milk and cream with exotic spices, nuts and dried fruits to make it rich and spicy. Biryani, Korma, Palau and Pasendi are some of the famous Mughlai cuisine. The Mughal influence on Indian food supported the evolution of Indian food to a great extent. The Mughlai cuisine full of rich gravies, pilafs and non-vegetarian foods such as kebabs, along with the fruits like apricots, peaches, plums and melons contoured the structure of the Indian food while offering it a distinct dimension. Each of the Muslim rulers offered something or the other to make Indian food the potpourri of spice, taste, tang and flavour. When Babur invaded India he brought his stylish food habits such as grilled meats along with different varieties of fruits and nuts from Central Asia. His son Humayun continued this tradition and also introduced a new tradition of rice-based pilaus and using of fruits and nuts in the meat stews in India. Marriages of Mughal rulers to several Rajput princesses added a new dimension to the Mughal cuisines. The reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, marked the evolvement of bountiful dishes in Indian cuisine. In the meantime, the Nizams of Hyderabad developed Biryani as their own style of cooking, which is now considered as one of the main dishes in India. Apart from the introduction of new dishes, the influence of Mughlai cuisine on Indian food also presented the novel idea of using aromatic spices in cooking. Mughlai food is quite spicy. The spices used in this preparation are easily accessible. These dishes are specially preferred in Delhi, Lucknow in the North and Hyderabad in the South. These have the strong influence of Muslim cooking style along with their Muslim names. The saga of Mughlai dish is still continuing. It still remains as one of the most important part in Indian culinary style. Although, Mughlai cuisines are available in all parts of the country, but Delhi is the best place for this royal cuisine. In this present scenario, the Mughlai influence on Indian food reflects the local cooking styles in it. The cuisines available in Delhi and Lucknow are the combination of Indo-Persian style by the addition of typical North Indian spices like cumin, coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric and ground chilies; whereas in Hyderabad, curry leaves, hot chilies, mustard seeds, tamarind and coconut milk are added to these cuisines to give them a local flavour. Due to the flavored sauces and butter based curries in the Mughlai cuisine, they are very much popular among the food lovers. Mughlai food offers tempting and delicious variety of food such as kulfi with rose petals sprinkled on it, hot spicy soup and ginger based roasted meats. People in India are crazy about Mughlai cuisines. Some of the popular Mughlai dishes are, Aloo Ka Raita, Carrot and Capsicum Raita, Badaam Halwa, Chicken Korma, Chaamp Masala or Lamb Chops Curry, Chole or Chane, Kesar Chawal, Chicken Tikka, Jhinga Malai Curry or Creamy Prawn Curry, Naan a type of Indian Bread, Palak Gosht, Palak Paneer, Seekh Kebabs, Tandoori Chicken Legs or Grilled Chicken Drumsticks and the most favourite dish Biryani. The Mughals have left a great influence and occupies a strong place in the cuisine of India, especially in the Northern parts of the country. Punjabi cuisine Punjabi cuisine (Punjabi: , Urdu: punjabi pakawan) is food from the Punjab region of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Home cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amounts of ghee, clarified butter, with liberal amounts of butter and cream with home cooking concentrating on mainly upon preparations with Whole Wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masala. Roh Di Kheer, is cooked using rice. Rice is cooked for a long time in sugar cane juice. Within the area itself, there are different preferences. People in the area of Amritsar prefer stuffed parathas and milk products. In fact, the area is well known for quality of its milk products. There are certain dishes which are exclusive to Punjab, such as Mah Di Dal and Saron Da Saag. The food is tailor-made for the Punjabi lifestyle in which most of the rural folk burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi speciality especially for non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the most popular elements of Anglo-Indian cuisine such as Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer derive from the Punjab. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Home cooked and restaurant Punjabi cuisine can vary significantly, with restaurant style using large amounts of ghee, with liberal amounts of butter and cream with home cooked concentrating on mainly upon preparations with whole wheat, rice and other ingredients flavored with masalas. Within the area itself, there are different preferences. People in the area of Amritsar prefer stuffed parathas and dairy products, of which the area is well-known for. There are certain dishes which are exclusive to Punjab, such as Mah Di Dal and Saron Da Saag. The food is tailor-made for the Punjabi lifestyle in which most of the rural folk burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger. Tandoori food is a Punjabi speciality especially for non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the most popular elements of Anglo-Indian cuisine – such as Tandoor, Naan, Pakoras and vegetable dishes with paneer – derive from the Punjab. The name Punjab means land of five rivers, and literally translates from Persian into the words Panj, related to Sanskrit Panca, meaning five, and Ab ,related to Sanskrit Ap, meaning water respectively. The rivers are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. The five rivers, now divided between India and Pakistan, merge to form the Panjnad, which joins the Indus. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab. Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms. Punjabi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Punjabi people. Punjabi cuisine can be non-vegetarian or completely vegetarian. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic and ginger and usually mildly spiced. Tandoori food is a Punjabi specialty especially for non-veg dishes. The cuisine of Punjab has an enormous variety of mouth-watering vegetarian as well as non vegetarian dishes. The spice content ranges from minimal to pleasant to high. Punjabi food is usually relished by people of all communities. In Punjab, home cooking differs from the restaurant cooking style. At the restaurants, the chefs make a liberal use of desi ghee, butter and cream to make the food lip smacking and finger licking. On the other hand, at home, people prefer using sunflower oil or some other refined oil for cooking, with the basic idea of making the food low in fat content. Wheat is the staple food of Punjabis; however, they do enjoy eating rice on festivities and other special occasions. When it comes to food, each region in Punjab has an entirely different preference like people in Amritsar are particularly fond of stuffed paranthas and milk products. The philosophy of life for most of the Punjabis is to eat, drink and make merry. They are real lively people who are extremely fond of eating good food. In the preparation of Punjabi food, onion, ginger and garlic are used extensively to enhance the taste of the food. Traditional Punjabi thali consists of varied kinds of breads; some are baked in the tandoor such as tandoori roti, lachha paratha, naan and kulcha, while others are dry baked on tava like chapatti and jowar ki roti. There is another fabulous variety of roti called rumali roti, which is larger in size as compared to the normal one and is also easily absorbable. Also, there are breads that are shallow fried such as parantha and deep fried such as puri and bhatoora. Vegetarian Pulse, bean and / or lentil preparations: * Sarson Da Saag (a dish prepared from green mustard leaves and stem with Makki Roti (bread made by corn flour) * Mushroom Bean Sabzi * Dal makhani (Pulses with butter) * Rajma (Red kidney bean) and Rice * Dal Amritsari * Rongi (Black eyed bean) * Choley (eaten with Naan or Kulcha) Other vegetarian dishes * Kadhi Pakora (Traditional curry with Pakoras) and rice (Kadhi is a type of curry made by cooking gramflour with curd or buttermilk. Fried lumps (Pakoras) of gramflour with salt and chillies are also added. It is eaten with rice. ) * Paneer * Phirni * Jalebi * Malpua * Sheer korma * Pakoras * Samosas Non-Vegetarian * Chicken Tandoori Chicken, Butter Chicken, Chicken Tikka, etc. * Lamb Rogan Josh, Bhuna Ghosht, Kadhai Ghost, Raan Gosht, Dal Gosht, Saag Gosht, Nihari Gosht, Rara Gosht, Paye da Shorba, etc. * Beef Nihari Beef, Beef Pasanda, Kadhai Beef, etc. * Fish These are all freshwater fish dishes like Amritsari Fish, Tandoori Fish, Fish Tikka, Fish Pakora, etc. * Kebabs Various lamb, chicken and beef kebabs. * Biryanis Chicken Biryani and Lamb Biryani. Keema Naan Chicken mince and lamb mince stuffed Naan. * Pickles Lamb Pickle and vegetable Pickle. Bread preparations The Punjabi breads are both flat breads as well as raised breads. The breads may be made of different types of flour and can be made in various ways: 1. Baked in the tandoor like Naan, Tandoori roti, Kulcha, or Lachha Paratha 2. Dry baked on the Tava (Indian griddle) like Phulka or Chapati, jowar ki roti, baajre k i roti and the very famous Makki ki roti (these are also smeared with white Butter) 3. Shallow fried like Paratha, Keema Paratha, Potato or Radish Paratha 4. Deep fried like Puri and Bhatoora (a fermented dough) Naan is also very popular. It is served with most of the dishes made at an Indian restaurant. Food from Punjab, needs no introduction. Have a bite of Makki di Roti with Sarson ka Saag and down it with the famous Punjabi Lassi and one will get the taste of food in this land. Food in Punjab and Haryana is cooked with love. It is rich in butter and ghee and contains lot of spices. | For the Punjabis, the Rotis and Lassi give them the vigor and energy they are noted for. The sarson ka saag and the makke di roti is a good combination. The Punjabis also place a lot of stress on the ginger, garlic, onion and tomato combinations. Most of the vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are famous for their distinctive tastes. Though rice is sparingly used throughout northern India, Wheat is their staple food. They take wheat in the form of rotis and chappathis. They come in a wide range, which includes parathas, puris, naans, kulchas, rotis and chapathis, and stuffed parathas. Punjabi people are robust people with robust appetites and their food is like the Punjabis themselves, simple, sizeable and hearty with no nnecessary frills or exotic accompaniments. The Punjabi tandoori cooking is celebrated as one of the most popular cuisines throughout the world. Huge earthen ovens are half buried in the ground and heated with a coal fire lit below it. Marinated meat, chicken, fish, paneer, rotis and naans of many types are cooked in this novel oven and the results are absolutely scrumptious! Punjab has imbibed some aspects of its c uisine from external influences. Connoisseurs of the cuisine say that the gravy component of Punjabi cuisine came from the Mughals. The most popular example is the murg makhani. It served the state well to combine this influence in its cooking since it had a lot of pure ghee and butter. Murg makhani also provided a balance to tandoori chicken, which was dry because it was charcoal cooked. Nans and parathas, rotis made of maize flour are typical Punjabi breads. Of course, over the years the roti has been modified to add more variety, so there is the rumali roti, the naan and the laccha parathas, all cooked in the tandoor. Winter, in Punjab, brings in the season of the famous makki ki roti(maize flour bread) and sarson ka saag(mustard leaf gravy). No meal is complete without a serving of lassi( sweet or salted drink made with curd) or fresh curd and white butter which is consumed in large quantities. The other popular dishes, which belong exclusively to Punjab, are ma ki dal, rajma (kidney beans) and stuffed parathas. In a vastly diverse country like India, every region has something typical to offer whether it is in clothes or in food or in its music, dance and art. Punjab, the land of milk and honey, boasts of a robust climate where the agricultural revolution has reaped rich dividends. The land of plenty has a cuisine, which caters to the characteristic needs of the people. Punjabi cuisine is not subtle in its flavor. There are no intricate marinades or exotic sauces but it has full-bodied masalas (spices) cooked with liberal amount of desi ghee (clarified butter) always served with a liberal helping of butter or cream. Milk and its products are an essential part of every day cookery, curd and buttermilk are also an essential concomitant with every Punjabi meal. A predominantly wheat eating people, the Punjabis cook rice only on special occasions. It’s never eaten plain or steamed, for steamed rice implies that somebody is sick. Rice is eaten always with a Bagar (flavoring) of cumin or fried onions with Rajma or Kadhi, Rajma with rice or rice with Kadhi is eaten or holidays or on festive days. In winter rice is cooked with Gur or with peas called matarwale chawal or as a delicacy called Rao Ki Kheer which is rice cooked on very slow fire for hours together with sugar cane juice. In Punjab itself, there are differences in flavors and style. For example, people around Amritsar prefer well-fried stuffed paraunthas and milk sweets. The people of Doaba region eat more of them; in the Malwa region Bajra (ground maize) khitchadi (kedgeree) is a delicacy. There are a course certain dishes, which are part and parcel of Punjab, and their very mention conjures up the rich flavor of the state. Mah ki Dal, Sarson Ka Saag and Makkee Ki Roti, meat curry like Roghan Josh and stuffed paraunthas can be found in no other state except Punjab. The food is suitable for these who burn up a lot of calories while working in the fields and tilling their small acres. For the urban folk, however, eating even one dish is enough because life in the cities is so sedentary. The main masala in a Punjabi dish consists of onion, garlic, ginger and a lot of tomatoes fried in pure ghee. Passion of Punjab on a Platter Sarson Ka Saag Makke Di Roti Punjab is the right place to be if you want to know what culinery delights are. A typical Indian Punjabi meal comprises of Sarson ka saag and makke di roti with a lot of other mouth watering dishes. However sarson ka saag is a world famous delicacy that activates ones taste buds and leaves you asking for more. Sarson ka s aag is a luscious green gravy, made out of mustard seeds. Cooked with masalas and enhanced with oil seasoning, this dish is relished countrywide. Sarson ka saag is often accompanied by Indian bread- Makki ki roti (corn bread). They both compliment and eachother and the roti is presented with a dash of ghee, that makes it a total delight to relish! Have a taste of this delicacy in states like Delhi, Haryana and Punjab. Makki Di Roti Ingredients 2 cups maize flour 1 fistful plain flour 1 tbsp. Oil, salt to taste Method 1. Mix maize flour, oil and salt. 2. Knead in a soft pliable dough, adding very little water at a time. 3. When the dough is very smooth and soft, bread a lump, shape into a ball, flatten and pat with palm, to make a thin roti. 4. Use dry plain flour to help. Or roll with a rollint pin. 5. Place on a heavy iron or earthen griddle and roast till crisp. 6. Repeat on both sides. Repeat for all rotis. 7. Cover and line with napkins to keep warm. 8. Drizzle with ghee or butter if desired. 9. Serve hot with sarson ka saag and slice of onion and lime. Sarson ka saag Ingredients * 1 bunch sarson greens * 1 bunch spinach * 1 onion grated * 1/2 tsp. each ginger garlic grated * 3 green chillies * 1 tbsp. grated cheese or paneer (optional) * 1/2 lemon juice * 2 tbsp. ghee * 1 tbsp. Oil * 1/2 tsp. garam masala * 1 tbsp. maize flour salt to taste Method 1. Chop both greens, wash, drain. 2. Heat oil in the pressure cooker direct. 3. Add both greens, green chillies, stir. 4. Add ginger, garlic, stir. 5. Add few pinches salt, 1 cup water. 6. Pressure cook till done. (2 whistles). 7. Mash well. 8. Heat ghee in a pan, add onion, saute till brown 9. Add all other ingredients, except cheese. 10. Stir well and cook till oil separates 11. Garnish with cheese. 12. Serve hot with makki ki roti, or paratha The festival of Lohri was celebrated on 13th  Jan. The traditional Lohri food  Sarson da Saag and Makki di Roti  is specially cooked for the main course  on  this day along with sweets and other. It tastes better if the Roti and Saag are both piping hot. Choley Bhature Ingredients 400 gms Maida 2 tbsp Oil 100 gms Curd 2 tsp Baking powder 400 gms Soaked Chana 4 Chopped onions 2 Garlic flakes 1 Ginger 1 tsp Garam masala 1 tsp Red chilli powder 1/2 tsp Mango powder 1 tsp Pepper 1 tsp Cinnamon powder Oil for frying Salt to taste Method 1. Mix maida, curd, oil and baking powder. 2. Prepare smooth dough and keep it in a muslin cloth overnight. 3. Grind ginger and garlic to make a paste. 4. - Heat the oil and fry onions till it turns brown. . - Add garam masala, red chilli powder, Cinnamon powder, ginger garlic paste salt to it. 6. - Fry it well. 7. - Add soaked chana and water 8. - Cook it till it turns thick. 9. - Add pepper and mango powder. 10. - Cook it for five minutes. 11. - Chhole is ready. 12. - Roll out thick puris from the dough. 13. - Fry it till both the sides turns brown. 14. - Serve hot. - Tandoor A  tandoor  (Azerbaijani:  T? ndir,  Turkish:  Tand? r,  Arabic:   ,  Punjabi:   ,  Georgian:   ,  Persian:   ,  Hindi:   ,  Urdu:   ,  Bengali:   ,  Armenian:   ) is a cylindrical clay  oven  used in cooking and baking. The tandoor is used for cooking in  Azerbaijan,  India,  Turkey,  Iran,  Armenia,  Georgia,  Pakistan,  Uzbekistan,  Afghanistan, the  Balkans, the  Middle East,  Central Asia  as well as  Burma  and  Bangladesh. The heat for a tandoor was traditionally generated by a  charcoal  fire or  wood  fire, burning within the tandoor itself, thus exposing the food to live-fire,  radiant heat  cooking, and hot-air,  convection  cooking, and smoking by the fat and food juices that drip on to the charcoal. Temperatures in a tandoor can approach 480  °C (900  °F), and it is common for tandoor ovens to remain lit for long periods to maintain the high cooking temperature. The tandoor design is something of a transitional form between a makeshift  earth oven  and the horizontal-plan  masonry oven. The tandoor is used for cooking certain types of  Iranian,  Afghan,  Pakistani  and  Indian  foods such as  tandoori chicken,  chicken tikka  and bread varieties like tandoori  roti  and  naan. The word  tandoori  is the adjective meaning pertaining to the tandoor and is used to describe a dish cooked in a tandoor. The tandoor was popularised during  Muslim  reign in  South Asia. It is thought to have travelled to Central Asia and the Middle East along with the  Romapeople, who originated amongst the Thar Desert tribes. In India, the tandoor is also known by the name of  bhatti. The  Bhatti tribe  of the  Thar Desert  of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan developed the Bhatti in their desert abode, and thus it gained the name. The tandoor is currently a very important fixture in many  Pakistani/Indian restaurants  around the world. Some modern day tandoors use electricity or gas instead of charcoal. Chicken tikka  (Hindi:   ;  Urdu:   ;  murgh tikka) is a South Asian dish made by grilling small pieces of  chicken  which have been  marinated  in  spices  and  yogurt. It is traditionally cooked on skewers in a tandoor and is usually boneless. It is normally served and eaten with a green  coriander  chutney, or used in preparing the curry  chicken tikka masala. Tandoori chicken  is a roasted chicken delicacy that originated in North Western India. It was invented by Kundan Lal Gujral, a  Hindu Punjabi, who ran a restaurant called  Moti Mahal  in  Delhi  in India. The chicken is marinated in a yogurt seasoned with  garam masala,  garlic,  ginger,  cumin,  cayenne pepper, and other spices depending on the recipe. In hot versions of the dish, cayenne, red chili powder, or other spices give the typical red color; in milder versions  food coloring  is used. Turmeric  produces a yellow-orange color. It is traditionally cooked at high temperatures in an earthen oven (i. e. tandoor), but can also be prepared on a traditional grill. In many Indian restaurants, red Tandoori chicken is served with sliced  onions  and wedges of fresh  lemon  or  lime. Indias version of barbecued chicken, Tandoori chicken is one of the most popular  delicacies  stemming from the North of India and has undergone years of development to achieve perfection. Butter Chicken Chicken or murgh makhani is an Indian dish from the Punjab region popular in countries all over the world that have a tradition of Indian restaurants. Preparation Time : 4- 6 hours Cooking Time : 30-40 minutes Servings : 4 Ingredients * 800 grams Chicken * 1 tablespoon Lemon juice * 1 teaspoon Kashmiri red chilli powder * Salt to taste * 2 tablespoons Butter For marinade * 1 cupYogurt * Salt to taste * 1/2 teaspoon Garlic paste * 1/2 teaspoon Garam masala powder * 1/2 teaspoon Kashmiri red chilli powder * 2 tablespoons Ginger paste * 2 tablespoons Lemon juice * 2 tablespoons Mustard oil For Makhani Gravy * 50 grams Butter * 1 tablespoon Ginger paste * chopped 4-5 Green chillies * 1 tablespoon Red chilli powder * Salt to taste * 1/2 teaspoonDry fenugreek leaves (kasuri methi) * 1 tablespoonWhole garam masala * 1 tablespoon Garlic paste * 400 grams Tomato puree * 1/2 teaspoon Garam masala powder * 2 tablespoonsHoney * 1 cup Cream Method Make incisions with a sharp knife on breast and leg pieces of the chicken. Apply a mixture of red chilli powder, lemon juice and salt to the chicken and set aside for half an hour. Hang yogurt in a muslin cloth for fifteen to twenty minutes to remove extra water. Add red chilli powder, salt, ginger-garlic paste, lemon juice, garam masala powder and mustard oil. Apply this marinade to the chicken pieces and refrigerate for three to four hours. Put the chicken onto a skewer and cook in a moderately hot tandoor or a preheated oven (200 °C) for ten to twelve minutes or until almost done. Baste it with butter and cook for another two minutes. Remove and set aside. Heat butter in a pan. Add green cardamoms, cloves, peppercorns and cinnamon. Saute for two minutes, add ginger-garlic paste and chopped green chillies. Cook for two minutes. Add tomato puree, red chilli powder, garam masala powder, salt and one cup of water. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for ten minutes. Add sugar or honey and powdered kasoori methi. Add cooked tandoori chicken pieces. Simmer for five minutes and then add fresh cream. Serve hot with naan or parantha. Recipe Tip : Heat kasoori methi in the oven for sometime or broil kasoori methi on a tawa/griddle plate to make it crisp. It can easily be crushed to a powder with your hand. Phirni Ingredients * Rice 1/2 cup * Milk (Full Cream) 1 Litre * Sugar 3/4 Cup Choti Elayich Powder ( Green Cardamom Powder) * Saffron Strands Methods 1. Grind the rice coarsly. ( we do not need a powder) it should be very coarse. 2. Take a thick bottomed sauce pan and heat the milk. 3. Add the ground rice. 4. Stir and cook until the rice pieces become soft. 5. Add the saffron strands in the suace pan. 6. Sprinkle the cardamom powder as well Many Indian restaurants around the globe till late 90s are influenced by North Indian Cuisine. Indian restaurant cuisine has been influenced by Indian chefs who have migrated from North of India Specially Punjabi style restaurants. They created a fusion of the two great cuisines-the local and the Home bought Indian Cuisine by adopting cream sauces in their Indian recipes. North Indian cuisine is distinguished by the proportionally high use of dairy products; milk, paneer, ghee (clarified butter), and yoghurt (yogurt, yoghourt) are all common ingredients. Gravies are typically dairy-based. Other common ingredients include chilies, saffron, and nuts. The Mughal influence has resulted in meat-eating habits among many North Indians. Also, a variety of flours are used to make different types of breads like chapathis. otis, phulkas, puris and naan. North Indian cooking features the use of the tawa (griddle) for baking flat breads like roti and paratha, and tandoor (a large and cylindrical charcoal-fired oven) for baking breads such as naan, and kulcha; main courses like tandoori chicken also cook in the tandoor. Other breads like puri and bhatoora, which are deep fried in oil, are also common. Goat and lamb meats are favored ingredients of many northern Indian recipes. The samosa is a popular North Indian snack, and now commonly found in other parts of India, Central Asia, North America, Britain and the Middle East. A common variety is filled with boiled, fried, or mashed potato. Other fillings include minced meat, cheese (paneer), mushroom (khumbi), and chick pea. The staple food of most of North India is a variety of lentils, vegetables, and roti (wheat based bread). The varieties used and the method of preparation can vary from place to place. Popular snacks, side-dishes and drinks include mirchi bada, buknu, bhujiya, chaat, kachori, imarti, several types of pickles (known as achar), murabba, sharbat, aam panna and aam papad. Popular sweets are known as mithai (means sweetmeat in Hindi), such as gulab jamun, jalebi, peda, petha, rewadi, gajak, bal mithai, singori, kulfi, falooda, khaja, ras malai, gulkand, and several varieties of laddu, barfi and halwa. Some common North Indian Recipes such as the various kebabs and most of the meat dishes originated with Muslims incursions into the country. Considering their shared historic and cultural heritage, Pakistani cuisine and North Indian cuisine are very similar source